Identity.

To introduce historical conceptions of identity. To introduce Foucault's 'discourse' methodology.

Essentialism (traditional approach to identity). Our biological make up makes us who we are. We all have an inner essence that makes us who we are.

Phrenology - idea that there is a perfect ratio of characteristics to a well balanced person.

Positivist Criminology - the notion that criminal tendencies are inherited.

Physiognomy - intelligence judged by look and gradient of facial features. Legitimising racism, pointed out anglo-teutonic(northern european) are more intelligent and racially superior than negro's of mixed race.

Hieronymous Bosch (1450 - 1516) Christ carrying the cross. Shows sub-human figures.

Pre modern identity, 'secure' identities.

Farm-worker, the soldier, the factory worker, the housewife, the gentleman, husband-wife (family).

Baudelaire - introduces concept of the 'flaneur' (gentleman-stroller). Upper class, don't need to work, have time to stroll around and take in the city.

Veblen - 'Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure'. Introduction of the 'Leisure-class'.

Upper classes wear expensive clothes to show their wealth. Lower classed copy this so upper classes look for something new to wear to keep their sense of identity.

'Discoure analysis'. Possible discourses to describe how someone gains an identity. Age, class, gender nationality, race, gender and sexuality.

To be aware of class you normally need to be aware of your own class identity.

Humphrey Spender, Worktown project, 1937. Loaded view on northern working class by southern upper.

Post Modern theory.

Identity is constructed through our social experience. Zygmunt Bauman, writes many books about identity. Identity (2004), Liquid Modernity ()